Results for 'Michael A. Proudfoot'

966 found
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  1.  76
    Copeland and Proudfoot on computability.Michael Rescorla - 2012 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 43 (1):199-202.
    Many philosophers contend that Turing’s work provides a conceptual analysis of numerical computability. In (Rescorla, 2007), I dissented. I argued that the problem of deviant notations stymies existing attempts at conceptual analysis. Copeland and Proudfoot respond to my critique. I argue that their putative solution does not succeed. We are still awaiting a genuine conceptual analysis.
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  2.  51
    Deceptive Appearances: the Turing Test, Response-Dependence, and Intelligence as an Emotional Concept.Michael Wheeler - 2020 - Minds and Machines 30 (4):513-532.
    The Turing Test is routinely understood as a behaviourist test for machine intelligence. Diane Proudfoot has argued for an alternative interpretation. According to Proudfoot, Turing’s claim that intelligence is what he calls ‘an emotional concept’ indicates that he conceived of intelligence in response-dependence terms. As she puts it: ‘Turing’s criterion for “thinking” is…: x is intelligent if in the actual world, in an unrestricted computer-imitates-human game, x appears intelligent to an average interrogator’. The role of the famous test (...)
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  3.  12
    Wittgenstein.Michael Proudfoot - 1989 - Philosophical Books 30 (4):215-216.
  4.  10
    Ludwig Wittgenstein: Philosophy and Language.Michael Proudfoot - 1973 - Philosophical Quarterly 23 (92):263-265.
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  5.  19
    Identity, Charactar, and Morathity.Michael Proudfoot - 1992 - Philosophical Books 33 (2):100-103.
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  6.  33
    Natural Relations: Ecology, Animal Rights and Social Justice.Michael Proudfoot - 1995 - Philosophical Books 36 (1):62-64.
  7.  60
    On borders.Michael Proudfoot - 2002 - The Philosophers' Magazine 19:46-47.
  8.  79
    The mastery of technique.Michael Proudfoot - 2009 - The Philosophers' Magazine 45 (45):80-80.
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  9.  29
    Theories of Justice.Michael Proudfoot - 1991 - Cogito 5 (1):53-56.
  10.  20
    The Philosophy of Leisure.Michael Proudfoot - 1992 - Philosophical Books 31 (4):248-249.
  11.  27
    Review: Jenefer Robinson, Deeper than reason: emotion and its role in music, literature and art. Clarendon Press, OUP, 2005. [REVIEW]Michael Proudfoot - unknown
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  12.  73
    The Rediscovery of Aesthetics. [REVIEW]Michael Proudfoot - 1998 - The Philosophers' Magazine 2 (2):56-57.
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  13. Rethinking Turing’s Test and the Philosophical Implications.Diane Proudfoot - 2020 - Minds and Machines 30 (4):487-512.
    In the 70 years since Alan Turing’s ‘Computing Machinery and Intelligence’ appeared in Mind, there have been two widely-accepted interpretations of the Turing test: the canonical behaviourist interpretation and the rival inductive or epistemic interpretation. These readings are based on Turing’s Mind paper; few seem aware that Turing described two other versions of the imitation game. I have argued that both readings are inconsistent with Turing’s 1948 and 1952 statements about intelligence, and fail to explain the design of his game. (...)
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  14.  52
    Anthropomorphism and AI: Turingʼs much misunderstood imitation game.Diane Proudfoot - 2011 - Artificial Intelligence 175 (5-6):950-957.
    The widespread tendency, even within AI, to anthropomorphize machines makes it easier to convince us of their intelligence. How can any putative demonstration of intelligence in machines be trusted if the AI researcher readily succumbs to make-believe? This is (what I shall call) the forensic problem of anthropomorphism. I argue that the Turing test provides a solution. This paper illustrates the phenomenon of misplaced anthropomorphism and presents a new perspective on Turingʼs imitation game. It also examines the role of the (...)
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  15.  40
    An Analysis of Turing’s Criterion for ‘Thinking’.Diane Proudfoot - 2022 - Philosophies 7 (6):124.
    In this paper I argue that Turing proposed a new approach to the concept of thinking, based on his claim that intelligence is an ‘emotional concept’; and that the response-dependence interpretation of Turing’s ‘criterion for “thinking”’ is a better fit with his writings than orthodox interpretations. The aim of this paper is to clarify the response-dependence interpretation, by addressing such questions as: What did Turing mean by the expression ‘emotional’? Is Turing’s criterion subjective? Are ‘emotional’ judgements decided by social consensus? (...)
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  16. The Computer, Artificial Intelligence, and the Turing Test.Diane Proudfoot & Jack Copeland - 2004 - In Christof Teuscher, Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker. Springer-Verlag. pp. 317-351.
    We discuss, first, TUring's role in the development of the computer; second, the early history of Artificial Intelligence (to 1956); and third, TUring's fa- mous imitation game, now universally known as the TUring test, which he proposed in cameo form in 1948 and then more fully in 1950 and 1952. Various objections have been raised to Turing's test: we describe some of the most prominent and explain why, in our view, they fail.
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  17. Turing, Wittgenstein and the science of the mind.Diane Proudfoot & Jack Copeland - 1994 - Australasian Journal of Philosophy 72:497-519.
  18. Artificial Intelligence.Diane Proudfoot & Jack Copeland - 2012 - In Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels & Stephen P. Stich, The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Cognitive Science. Oxford University Press. pp. 147-182.
    In this article the central philosophical issues concerning human-level artificial intelligence (AI) are presented. AI largely changed direction in the 1980s and 1990s, concentrating on building domain-specific systems and on sub-goals such as self-organization, self-repair, and reliability. Computer scientists aimed to construct intelligence amplifiers for human beings, rather than imitation humans. Turing based his test on a computer-imitates-human game, describing three versions of this game in 1948, 1950, and 1952. The famous version appears in a 1950 article in Mind, ‘Computing (...)
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  19. Software Immortals—Science or Faith?Diane Proudfoot - 2012 - In Amnon H. Eden & James H. Moor, Singularity Hypotheses: A Scientific and Philosophical Assessment. Springer. pp. 367-389.
    According to the early futurist Julian Huxley, human life as we know it is ‘a wretched makeshift, rooted in ignorance’. With modern science, however, ‘the present limitations and miserable frustrations of our existence could be in large measure surmounted’ and human life could be ‘transcended by a state of existence based on the illumination of knowledge’ (1957b, p. 16).
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  20.  18
    Turing's Test vs the Moral Turing Test.Diane Proudfoot - 2024 - Philosophy and Technology 37 (4):1-14.
    Given actual autonomous systems with capacities for harm and the public’s apparent willingness to take moral advice from large language models (LLMs), Einar Duenger Bohn’s (2024) renewed discussion of the Moral Turing Test (MTT) is timely. Bohn’s aim is to defend an unequivocally behavioural test. In this paper, I argue against this direction. Interpreted as testing mere behaviour, the Turing test is a poor test of either intelligence or moral agency, and neither Bohn’s version of the test nor Allen, Varner (...)
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  21.  17
    Turing’s Test vs the Moral Turing Test.Diane Proudfoot - 2024 - Philosophy and Technology 37 (4):1-14.
    Given actual autonomous systems with capacities for harm and the public’s apparent willingness to take moral advice from large language models (LLMs), Einar Duenger Bohn’s (2024) renewed discussion of the Moral Turing Test (MTT) is timely. Bohn’s aim is to defend an unequivocally behavioural test. In this paper, I argue against this direction. Interpreted as testing mere behaviour, the Turing test is a poor test of either intelligence or moral agency, and neither Bohn’s version of the test nor Allen, Varner (...)
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  22. Turing’s Three Senses of “Emotional”.Diane Proudfoot - 2014 - International Journal of Synthetic Emotions 5 (2):7-20.
    Turing used the expression “emotional” in three distinct ways: to state his philosophical theory of the concept of intelligence, to classify arguments for and against the possibility of machine intelligence, and to describe the education of a “child machine”. The remarks on emotion include several of the most important philosophical claims. This paper analyses these remarks and their significance for current research in Artificial Intelligence.
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  23.  37
    Sylvan's Bottle and other Problems.Diane Proudfoot - 2018 - Australasian Journal of Logic 15 (2):95-123.
    According to Richard Routley, a comprehensive theory of fiction is impossible, since almost anything is in principle imaginable. In my view, Routley is right: for any purported logic of fiction, there will be actual or imaginable fictions that successfully counterexample the logic. Using the example of ‘impossible’ fictions, I test this claim against theories proposed by Routley’s Meinongian contemporaries and also by Routley himself and his 21st century heirs. I argue that the phenomenon of impossible fictions challenges even today’s modal (...)
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  24.  27
    Rawls on the Individual and the Social.Wayne Proudfoot - 1974 - Journal of Religious Ethics 2 (2):107 - 128.
    Three models suggested by Rawls (1971) for conceiving the relation between individual and society are described and critically evaluated. Special attention is given to Rawls's analogies of the problem of mapping the moral sentiments with the problem of mapping linguistic competence and of a social union with participation in a game. Similarities are noted between the theory of justice as fairness and traditional religious conceptions. Both aim to transcend particular interests and both embody perfectionist ideals.
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  25.  28
    The Instrumental Motivation of Teachers: Implications of High-Stakes Accountability for Professional Learning.Kevin Proudfoot & Pete Boyd - 2024 - British Journal of Educational Studies 72 (3):295-320.
    This article considers the motivations of teachers to pursue ongoing professional learning. During recent decades, the international policy context has been characterised by high-stakes accountability, but the implications of this agenda for teachers’ motivations toward professional learning remains under-explored. In this mixed methods study, combining a large teacher survey and in-depth teacher interviews, a new and significant concept of ‘instrumental motivation’ is generated to capture how high-stakes performance management policies damage the motivation of teachers to learn professionally. This innovative approach, (...)
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  26. Meaning and Mind: Wittgenstein’s Relevance for the “Does Language Shape Thought?” Debate.Diane Proudfoot - 2009 - New Ideas in Psychology 27:163-183.
    This paper explores the relevance of Wittgenstein’s philosophi- cal psychology for the two major contemporary approaches to the relation between language and cognition. As Pinker describes it, on the ‘Standard Social Science Model’ language is ‘an insidious shaper of thought’. According to Pinker’s own widely–shared alternative view, ‘Language is the magnificent faculty that we use to get thoughts from one head to another’. I investigate Wittgenstein’s powerful challenges to the hypothe- sis that language is a device for communicating independently constituted (...)
     
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  27.  5
    Intelligence Naturalized, Turing-style.Diane Proudfoot - 2024 - In Ali Hossein Khani, Gary Kemp, Hassan Amiriara & Hossein Sheykh Rezaee, Naturalism and its challenges. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 274—294.
    The modern project of naturalizing intelligence began in the middle of last century, and Alan Turing is one of its most celebrated proponents. The assumption that Turing shared the ontological and methodological commitments of canonical naturalists is based on certain widespread beliefs about Turing—namely, that his test of intelligence is behaviourist and his approach to the mind computationalist. This chapter argues that influential versions of these assumptions are false, and instead that, in his claim that intelligence is an ‘emotional concept’, (...)
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  28.  30
    Wittgenstein and Turing on Al: myth versus reality.Diane Proudfoot - 2024 - In Alice C. Helliwell, Brian Ball & Alessandro Rossi, _Wittgenstein and Artificial Intelligence_. Volume 1: Mind and Language. Anthem Press. pp. 17—37.
    A standard account of Wittgenstein and Turing is that both were philosophical behaviourists regarding the mind, whereas theorists sympathetic to Wittgenstein typically claim that Wittgenstein was a fierce critic of Turing. Proponents of the latter account align Wittgenstein with AI naysayers; for Wittgenstein, they say, the question Can machines think? is nonsensical or absurd. I shall argue that both the standard and the alternative accounts are myths.
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  29.  34
    Prosentential theory of truth in Dorothy Grover (1936-2017).Diane Proudfoot, Joseph Ulatowski & Jeremy Wyatt - 2022 - Encyclopedia of Concise Concepts by Women Philosophers.
    In this entry, we offer a very brief overview of Dorothy Grover's prosentential theory of truth.
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  30.  9
    God and the Self: Three Types of Philosophy of Religion.Wayne Proudfoot - 1976 - Bucknell University Press.
    This book is a collection of essays on the philosophy of religion, but it draws on contemporary work in the social sciences as well as in philosophy. It examines the ways in which conceptions of God reflect notions of the self that are present in the thought and experience of each author.
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  31. The implications of an externalist theory of rule-following behavior for robot cognition.Diane Proudfoot - 2004 - Minds and Machines 14 (3):283-308.
    Given (1) Wittgensteins externalist analysis of the distinction between following a rule and behaving in accordance with a rule, (2) prima facie connections between rule-following and psychological capacities, and (3) pragmatic issues about training, it follows that most, even all, future artificially intelligent computers and robots will not use language, possess concepts, or reason. This argument suggests that AIs traditional aim of building machines with minds, exemplified in current work on cognitive robotics, is in need of substantial revision.
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  32. What Turing did after he invented the universal Turing machine.Diane Proudfoot & Jack Copeland - 2000 - Journal of Logic, Language and Information 9:491-509.
    Alan Turing anticipated many areas of current research incomputer and cognitive science. This article outlines his contributionsto Artificial Intelligence, connectionism, hypercomputation, andArtificial Life, and also describes Turing's pioneering role in thedevelopment of electronic stored-program digital computers. It locatesthe origins of Artificial Intelligence in postwar Britain. It examinesthe intellectual connections between the work of Turing and ofWittgenstein in respect of their views on cognition, on machineintelligence, and on the relation between provability and truth. Wecriticise widespread and influential misunderstandings of theChurch–Turing thesis (...)
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  33.  35
    Mysticism, the Numinous, and the Moral.Wayne Proudfoot - 1976 - Journal of Religious Ethics 4 (1):3 - 28.
    Two religious interpretations of experience, the mystical and the numinous, are presented. Two constructions of each are explored, one involving a sense of immediacy which obviates the possibility of ethical judgment, and the other providing a leverage which allows ethical criteria. The author suggests a third interpretation, emphasizing the social character of experience, which is more comprehensive than the first two and correlates better with our experience of moral claims.
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  34.  56
    Pragmatism and Naturalism in the Study of Religion.Wayne Proudfoot - 2012 - American Journal of Theology and Philosophy 33 (3):185-199.
    The word naturalism is used in many different ways in contemporary philosophy. For some it has required that a properly naturalistic account of anything appeal only to what is countenanced by the natural sciences and, for a few, that any object of study be reduced to entities and forces studied by physics and chemistry. Research programs have been developed to “naturalize” numbers, norms, intentional states, and other seemingly recalcitrant concepts by performing the requisite reduction. But a naturalistic account should be (...)
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  35. Robots and Rule-following.Diane Proudfoot - 2004 - In Christof Teuscher, Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker. Springer-Verlag. pp. 359-379.
    Turing was probably the first person to advocate the pursuit of robotics as a route to Artificial Intelligence and Wittgenstein the first to argue that, without the appropriate history, no machine could be intelligent. Wittgenstein anticipated much recent theorizing about the mind, including aspects of connectionist theo- ries of mind and the situated cognition approach in AI. Turing and Wittgenstein had a wary respect for each other and there is significant overlap in their work, in both the philosophy of mathematics (...)
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  36.  35
    The logic of the sociobiological model Geary-style.Diane Proudfoot - 1996 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19 (2):261-261.
    Geary's is the traditional view of the sexes. Yet each part of his argument – the move from sex differences in spatial ability and social preferences to a sex difference in mathematical ability, the claim that the former are biologically primary, and the sociobiological explanation of these differences – requires considerable further work. The notion of a biologically secondary ability is itself problematic.
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  37. Wittgenstein’s Deflationary Account of Reference.Diane Proudfoot & Jack Copeland - 2002 - Language and Communication 22 (3):331-351.
    Traditional accounts hold that reference consists in a relation between the mind and an object; the relation is effected by a mental act and mediated by internal mental contents (internal representations). Contemporary theories as diverse as Fodor’s [Fodor, J.A., 1987. Psychosemantics: The Problem of Meaning in the Philosophy of Mind. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA] language of thought hypothesis, Dretske’s [Dretske, F., 1988. Explaining Behaviour: Reasons in a World of Causes. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA] informational semantics and Millikan’s [Millikan, R.G., 1984. (...)
     
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  38. What Turing Himself Said About the Imitation Game.Diane Proudfoot - 2015 - IEEE Spectrum 52 (7):42-47.
    The imitation game, the recent biopic about Alan Turing's efforts to decipher Nazi naval codes, was showered with award nominations. It even won the 2015 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. One thing it won't win any awards for, though, is its portrayal of the "imitation game" itself-Turing's proposed test of machine thinking, which hinges on whether a computer can convincingly imitate a person. The Turing test, as it is now called, doesn't really feature in the file. (Given that the (...)
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  39. Turing’s Mystery Machine.Diane Proudfoot & Jack Copeland - 2019 - American Philosophical Association Newsletter for Philosophy and Computers 18 (2):1-6.
    This is a detective story. The starting-point is a philosophical discussion in 1949, where Alan Turing mentioned a machine whose program, he said, would in practice be “impossible to find.” Turing used his unbreakable machine example to defeat an argument against the possibility of artificial intelligence. Yet he gave few clues as to how the program worked. What was its structure such that it could defy analysis for (he said) “a thousand years”? Our suggestion is that the program simulated a (...)
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  40. On Alan Turing's Anticipation of Connectionism.Jack Copeland & Diane Proudfoot - 1996 - Synthese 108:361-367.
    It is not widely realised that Turing was probably the first person to consider building computing machines out of simple, neuron-like elements connected together into networks in a largely random manner. Turing called his networks 'unorganised machines'. By the application of what he described as 'appropriate interference, mimicking education' an unorganised machine can be trained to perform any task that a Turing machine can carry out, provided the number of 'neurons' is sufficient. Turing proposed simulating both the behaviour of the (...)
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  41.  93
    Deviant encodings and Turing’s analysis of computability.B. Jack Copeland & Diane Proudfoot - 2010 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 41 (3):247-252.
    Turing’s analysis of computability has recently been challenged; it is claimed that it is circular to analyse the intuitive concept of numerical computability in terms of the Turing machine. This claim threatens the view, canonical in mathematics and cognitive science, that the concept of a systematic procedure or algorithm is to be explicated by reference to the capacities of Turing machines. We defend Turing’s analysis against the challenge of ‘deviant encodings’.Keywords: Systematic procedure; Turing machine; Church–Turing thesis; Deviant encoding; Acceptable encoding; (...)
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  42. Anthropomorphism: Opportunities and Challenges in Human-Robot Interaction.Jakub Zlotowski, Diane Proudfoot, Kumar Yogeeswaran & Christoph Bartneck - 2015 - International Journal of Social Robotics 7 (3):347-360.
    Anthropomorphism is a phenomenon that describes the human tendency to see human-like shapes in the environment. It has considerable consequences for people’s choices and beliefs. With the increased presence of robots, it is important to investigate the optimal design for this tech- nology. In this paper we discuss the potential benefits and challenges of building anthropomorphic robots, from both a philosophical perspective and from the viewpoint of empir- ical research in the fields of human–robot interaction and social psychology. We believe (...)
     
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  43.  8
    Easter in Ordinary: Reflections on Human Experience and the Knowledge of God by Nicholas Lash. [REVIEW]Wayne Proudfoot - 1989 - The Thomist 53 (3):505-508.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:BOOK REVIEWS Easter in Ordinary: Reflections on Human Experience and the Knowledge of God. By NICHOLAS LASH. Oharlottesville, Virginia: Uni· versity Press of Virginia, 1988. Pp. 313. $29.95 (hardbound). Nicholas Lash sets out "to construct an argument in favor of one way of construing or interpreting human experience as experience of the mystery of God " (p. 3), and to show that this awareness of God has nothing to (...)
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  44. Temporal parts and their individuation.J. Copeland, H. Dyke & D. Proudfoot - 2002 - Analysis 61 (4):289-292.
    Ignoring the temporal dimension, an object such as a railway tunnel or a human body is a three-dimensional whole composed of three-dimensional parts. The four-dimensionalist holds that a physical object exhibiting identity across time—Descartes, for example—is a four-dimensional whole composed of 'briefer' four-dimensional objects, its temporal parts. Peter van Inwagen (1990) has argued that four-dimensionalism cannot be sustained, or at best can be sustained only by a counterpart theorist. We argue that different schemes of individuation of temporal parts are available, (...)
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  45. Turing’s Test: A Philosophical and Historical Guide.Diane Proudfoot & Jack Copeland - 2008 - In R. Epstein, G. Roberts & G. Beber, Parsing the Turing Test: Philosophical and Methodological Issues. Springer. pp. 119-138.
    We set the Turing Test in the historical context of the development of machine intelligence, describe the different forms of the test and its rationale, and counter common misinterpretations and objections. Recently published material by Turing casts fresh light on his thinking.
     
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  46.  33
    Chronic Care Team Profile: a brief tool to measure the structure and function of chronic care teams in general practice.Judith G. Proudfoot, Tanya Bubner, Cheryl Amoroso, Edward Swan, Christine Holton, Julie Winstanley, Justin Beilby & Mark F. Harris - 2009 - Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 15 (4):692-698.
  47. Design and Implementation of a New e-Learning Tool to Develop Self-Motivated Learning.Diane Proudfoot - 2011 - Journal of Adult Learning Aotearoa New Zealand 39 (1):98-103.
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  48.  18
    William James and a Science of Religions: Reexperiencing T He Varieties of Religious Experience.Wayne Proudfoot - 2004 - Columbia University Press. Edited by Wayne Proudfoot.
    "Damned for God’s Glory": William James and the Scientific Vindication of Protestant Culture, by David A. Hollinger Pragmatism and "an Unseen Order" in Varieties, by Wayne Proudfoot The Fragmentation of Consciousness and The Varieties of Religious Experience: William James’s Contribution to a Theory of Religion, by Ann Taves James’s Varieties and the "New" Constructivism, by Jerome Bruner Some Inconsistencies in James’s Varieties, by Richard Rorty A Pragmatist’s Progress: The Varieties of James’s Strategies for Defending Religion, by Philip Kitcher.
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  49.  4
    Turing and Free Will: A New Take on an Old Debate.Diane Proudfoot - 2017 - In Alisa Bokulich & Juliet Floyd, Philosophical Explorations of the Legacy of Alan Turing. Springer Verlag. pp. 305-321.
    In 1948 Turing claimed that the concept of intelligence is an “emotional concept”. An emotional concept is a response-dependent concept and Turing’s remarks in his 1948 and 1952 papers suggest a response-dependence approach to the concept of intelligence. On this view, whether or not an object is intelligent is determined, as Turing said, “as much by our own state of mind and training as by the properties of the object”. His discussion of free will suggests a similar approach. Turing said, (...)
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  50.  45
    Overlooking Conventions: The Trouble with Linguistic Pragmatism.Michael Devitt - 2021 - Springer Verlag.
    This book criticizes the methodology of the recent semantics-pragmatics debate in the theory of language and proposes an alternative. It applies this methodology to argue for a traditional view against a group of “contextualists” and “pragmatists”, including Sperber and Wilson, Bach, Carston, Recanati, Neale, and many others. The author disagrees with these theorists who hold that the meaning of the sentence in an utterance never, or hardly ever, yields its literal truth-conditional content, even after disambiguation and reference fixing; it needs (...)
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